# Wave Optics Class 12 Notes CBSE Physics Chapter 10 [Free PDF Download] (2022)

### 1. Wave Front:

A light source is a point which emits disturbance in all directions. In a homogeneous medium, the disturbance reaches all those particles of the medium in phase, which are located at the same distance from the source of light and hence at all the time, every particle must be vibrating in phase with each other. The locus of all the particles of medium, which at any instant are vibrating in the same phase, is called the wave front.

Depending upon the shape of the source of light, wave front can be the following types:

1. Spherical wavefront

2. Cylindrical wavefront

1.1. Spherical Wave Front:

A point source of light produces a spherical wave front. This is because the locus of every points, which are equidistant from the point source, is a sphere figure (a).

1.2. Cylindrical Wave Front:

If the light source is linear (such as a slit), it produces a cylindrical wave front. Here, every points, which are equidistant from the linear source, lie on the surface of a cylinder figure (b).

1.3. Plane Wave Front:

A wave front will appear plane if it is a small part of a spherical or a cylindrical wave front I originating from a distant source. So it is called a plane wave front figure (c).

1.4. Ray of Light:

The path along which light travels is known as a ray of light. If we draw an arrow normal to the wave front and which points in the direction of propagation of disturbance represents a ray of light. In a ray diagram, thick arrows represent the rays of light.

It is also called as the wave normal because the ray of light is normal to the wave front.

Key Points:

• If we take any two points on a wave front, the phase difference between them will be zero.

### 2. Huygens’s Principle:

Huygens’s principle is a geometrical construction, which can be used to obtain new position of a wave front at a later time from its given position at any instant. Or we can quote that this principle gives a method gives an idea about how light spreads out in the medium.

It is developed on the following assumptions:

1. All the points on a given or primary wave front acts as a source of secondary wavelets, which sends out disturbance in all directions in a similar manner as the primary light source.

2. The new position of the wave front at any instant (called secondary wave front) is the envelope of the secondary wavelets at that instant.

These two assumptions are known as Huygens principle or Huygens’ construction.

Key Point:

• Huygens principle is simply a geometrical construction to find the position of wave front at a later time.

### 3. Principle of Superposition:

If two or more than two waves superimpose each other at a common particle of the medium then the resultant displacement $\left( \text{y} \right)$ of the particle is equal to the vector sum of the displacements (${{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}}$ and $~{{\text{y}}_{\text{2}}}$ ) produced by individual waves .i.e $\overrightarrow{\text{y}}\text{=}\overrightarrow{{{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}}}\text{+}\overrightarrow{{{\text{y}}_{\text{2}}}}$

3.1. Graphical View:

3.2. Phase/Phase difference/Path difference/Time difference

i. Phase: Phase is defined as the argument of sine or cosine in the expression for displacement of a wave. For displacement $\text{y = asin }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t}$ ; term $\text{ }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t =}$ phase or instantaneous phase.

ii. Phase Difference $\left( \phi \right)$: Phase difference is the difference between the phases of two waves at a point. i.e. if ${{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{sin }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t}$ and ${{\text{y}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{sin}\left( \text{ }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t+}\phi \right)$ so phase difference $=\phi$

iii. Path Difference $\left( \Delta \right)$: Path difference between the waves at that point is the difference in path length’s of two waves meeting at a point. Also $\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =}\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2 }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }}\text{ }\!\!\times\!\!\text{ }\phi$.

iv. Time Difference (T.D): Time difference between the waves meeting at a point is given by T.D $\text{= }\frac{\text{T}}{\text{2 }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }}\times \phi$

3.3. Resultant Amplitude and Intensity

If we have two waves ${{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}}\text{= }{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{sin }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t}$ and ${{\text{y}}_{\text{2}}}\text{= }{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{sin}\left( \text{ }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t+}\phi \right)$ where ${{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{,}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}$ Individual amplitudes, $\phi =$ Phase difference between the waves at an instant when they are meeting a point. ${{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{,}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}$Intensities of Individual waves.

Resultant Amplitude:

After superimposition of the given waves resultant amplitude (or the amplitude of resultant wave) is given by $\text{A=}\sqrt{{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}^{\text{2}}\text{+}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}^{\text{2}}\text{+2}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{cos}}\phi$

For the interfering waves ${{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{sin }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t}$and ${{\text{y}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{sin}\left( \text{ }\!\!\omega\!\!\text{ t+}\phi \right)$, Phase difference between them is ${{90}^{o}}$ . So resultant amplitude $\text{A=}\sqrt{{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}^{\text{2}}\text{+}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}^{\text{2}}}$

Resultant Intensity:

As we know intensity $\text{ }\!\!\alpha\!\!\text{ }{{\left( \text{Amplitude} \right)}^{\text{2}}}$ $\Rightarrow {{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{-k}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{-k}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}^{\text{2}}\text{ and I=k}{{\text{A}}^{2}}(k$ is a proportionality constant) . Hence from the formula of resultant amplitude, we get the following formula of resultant intensity

$\text{I-}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{+2}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}}\text{cos}\phi$

The term $\text{2}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}}\text{cos}\phi$ is called interference term. For incoherent interference this term is zero so resultant intensity $\text{I=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}$

3.4. Coherent Sources:

Coherent sources are the sources of light which emits continuous light waves with same wavelength, frequency and in phase or having a constant phase difference.

### 4. Interference of Light:

If intensity of light at some points is maximum while at some other point intensity is minimum due to the simultaneous superposition of two waves of exactly same frequency (coming from two coherent sources) travels in a medium and in the same direction, this phenomenon is called Interference of light.

4.1. Types of Interference:

 Constructive Interference Destructive Interference Constructive interference is obtained at a point when the waves meets at that point with same phase, ( i.e. maximum light) Destructive interference is obtained at that point when the wave meets at that point with opposite phase, ( i.e minimum light) Phase difference between the waves at the point of observation$\phi ={{0}^{o}}\text{ or 2n}\pi$. $\phi ={{180}^{o}}\text{ or }\left( 2n-1 \right)\pi ;n=1,2,... $$or\left( 2n+1 \right)\pi ;n=0,1,2... Path difference between the waves at the point of observation \text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =n }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ } ( i.e. \Delta =\left( 2n-1 \right)\frac{\lambda }{2} ( i.e odd multiple of \frac{\lambda }{2} ) Resultant amplitude at the point of observation will be maximum if {{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\Rightarrow {{\text{A}}_{\text{min}}}\text{=0}$${{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{0}}}\Rightarrow {{\text{A}}_{\text{max}}}\text{=2}{{\text{a}}_{\text{0}}}$ Resultant amplitude at the point of observation will be minimum ${{\text{A}}_{\text{min}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{-}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}$$\text{If }{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}\Rightarrow {{\text{A}}_{\text{min}}}\text{=0} Resultant intensity at the point of observation will be maximum{{\text{I}}_{\text{max}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{+2}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}} {{\text{I}}_{\text{max}}}\text{=}{{\left( \sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}}\text{+}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}} \right)}^{\text{2}}}$$ \text{If }{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}\Rightarrow {{\text{I}}_{\text{max}}}\text{=2}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}$ Resultant intensity at the point of observation will be minimum${{\text{I}}_{\text{min}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{-2}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}}$${{\text{I}}_{\text{min}}}\text{=}{{\left( \sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}}\text{-}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}} \right)}^{\text{2}}}$$\text{If }{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}\Rightarrow {{\text{I}}_{\text{min}}}=0$

4.2. Resultant Intensity Due to Two Identical Waves:

The resultant intensity for two coherent sources is given by

$\text{I=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{+2}{{\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{I}}}_{\text{2}}}\cos \phi$

For identical source ${{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}$

$\Rightarrow \text{I=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}\text{+2}\sqrt{{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}}\cos \phi =\text{4}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}}{{\cos }^{2}}\frac{\phi }{2}$

$\left[ 1+\cos \theta =2{{\cos }^{2}}\frac{\theta }{2} \right]$

Note:

• Redistribution of energy takes place in the form of maxima and minima in interference

• Average Intensity: ${{\text{I}}_{\text{av}}}\text{=}\frac{{{\text{I}}_{\text{max}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{min}}}}{\text{2}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{+}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{a}}_{\text{1}}}^{\text{2}}\text{+}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}^{\text{2}}$

• Ratio of Maximum and Minimum Intensities:

$\frac{{{I}_{\max }}}{{{I}_{\min }}}={{\left( \frac{\sqrt{{{I}_{1}}}+\sqrt{{{I}_{2}}}}{\sqrt{{{I}_{1}}}-\sqrt{{{I}_{2}}}} \right)}^{2}}{{\left( \frac{\sqrt{{{I}_{1}}/{{I}_{2}}}+1}{\sqrt{{{I}_{1}}/{{I}_{2}}}-1} \right)}^{2}}={{\left( \frac{{{a}_{1}}+{{a}_{2}}}{{{a}_{1}}-{{a}_{2}}} \right)}^{2}}={{\left( \frac{{{a}_{1}}/{{a}_{2}}+1}{{{a}_{1}}/{{a}_{2}}-1} \right)}^{2}}$

• Also $\sqrt{\frac{{{I}_{1}}}{{{I}_{2}}}}=\frac{{{a}_{1}}}{{{a}_{2}}}=\left( \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{{I}_{\max }}}{{{I}_{\min }}}}+1}{\sqrt{\frac{{{I}_{\max }}}{{{I}_{\min }}}}-1} \right)$

• If two waves having equal intensity $\left( {{\text{I}}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\text{=}{{\text{I}}_{\text{0}}} \right)$ meets at two locations $\text{P}$ and $\text{Q}$ with path difference ${{\Delta }_{1}}$ and ${{\Delta }_{2}}$ respectively then the ratio of resultant intensity at point

• $\text{P}$ and $\text{Q}$ will be $\frac{{{I}_{p}}}{{{I}_{Q}}}=\frac{{{\cos }^{2}}\frac{{{\phi }_{1}}}{2}}{{{\cos }^{2}}\frac{{{\phi }_{2}}}{2}}=\frac{{{\cos }^{2}}\left( \frac{\pi {{\Delta }_{1}}}{\lambda } \right)}{{{\cos }^{2}}\left( \frac{\pi {{\Delta }_{2}}}{\lambda } \right)}$

### 5. Young’s Double Slit Experiment (YDSE):

An interference pattern is obtained on the screen when monochromatic light (single wavelength) falls on two narrow slits ${{\text{S}}_{1}}\text{ and }{{\text{S}}_{2}}$ which are very close together acts as two coherent sources, and when waves coming from these two sources superimposes on each other. Alternate bright and dark bands obtained on the screen in this experiment. These bands are called Fringes.

$d=$ Distance between slits.

$D=$ Distance between slits and screen

$\lambda =$ Wavelength of monochromatic light emitted from source.

1. At the central position $\phi ={{0}^{o}}\text{ or }\Delta \text{=0}$. So, the Central fringe will always be bright.

2. The fringe pattern formed by a slit will be brighter than that due to a point.

3. The minima will not be completely dark if the slit widths are unequal. So, uniform illumination occurs for a very large width.

4. No interference pattern is observed on the screen if one slit is illuminated with red light and the other is illuminated with blue light.

5. The central fringe will be dark instead of bright if the two coherent sources consist of object and its reflected image.

5.1. Path Difference:

Path difference between the interfering waves meeting at a point $P$ on the screen is given by $\text{x=}\frac{\text{yd}}{\text{D}}\text{=d}\sin \theta$ where $x$ is the position of point $P$ from central maxima.

For maxima at$P$: $\text{x = n }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }$

Where $n=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,...$

And for minima at$P$: $x=\frac{\left( 2n-1 \right)\lambda }{2}$

Where $n=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,...$

Note:

If the slits are horizontal path difference is $d\cos \theta$,so as $\theta$ increases,$x$ decreases. But if the slits are vertical, the path difference $\left( x \right)$is $d\sin \theta$, so as $\theta$ increases,$\Delta$ also increases.

(i) Every fringes will have equal width. Width of one fringe is $\text{ }\!\!\beta\!\!\text{ = }\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ D}}{\text{d}}$ and angular fringe width $\text{ }\!\!\theta\!\!\text{ = }\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{d}}$

(ii) If the YDSE setup is taken in one medium then changes into another, so $\beta$ changes. E.g. in water ${{\lambda }_{w}}=\frac{{{\lambda }_{a}}}{{{\mu }_{w}}}\Rightarrow {{\beta }_{w}}=\frac{{{\beta }_{a}}}{{{\mu }_{w}}}=\frac{3}{4}{{\beta }_{a}}$

(iii) Fringe width $\text{ }\!\!\beta\!\!\text{ }\propto \frac{\text{1}}{\text{d}}$ i.e if separation between the sources increases, $\beta$ decreases.

(iv) Position of ${{n}^{th}}$ bright fringe from central maxima ${{x}_{n}}=\frac{n\lambda D}{d}=n\beta ;n=0,1,2,..$

(v) Position of ${{n}^{th}}$dark fringe from central maxima ${{x}_{n}}=\frac{\left( 2n-1 \right)\lambda D}{2d}=\frac{\left( 2n-1 \right)\beta }{2};n=1,2,3,..$

(vi) In YDSE, if ${{n}_{1}}$ fringes are visible in a field of view with light of wavelength ${{\lambda }_{1}}$ , while ${{n}_{2}}$ with light of wavelength ${{\lambda }_{2}}$ in the same field, then ${{\text{n}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}_{\text{1}}}\text{=}{{\text{n}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}_{\text{2}}}$

5.3. Shifting of Fringe Pattern in YDSE:

The fringe pattern will get shifted if a transparent thin film of mica or glass is placed in the path of one of the waves. If this film is placed in the path of upper wave, the pattern shifts upward and if the film is placed in the path of lower wave, the pattern will shift downward.

Fringe shift $\text{= }\frac{\text{D}}{\text{d}}\left( \text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ -1} \right)\text{t = }\frac{\text{ }\!\!\beta\!\!\text{ }}{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}\left( \text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ -1} \right)\text{t}$

$\Rightarrow$ Additional path difference $=\left( \mu -1 \right)t$

$\Rightarrow$If the shift is equivalent to $\text{n}$fringes, then $\text{n=}\frac{\left( \text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ -1} \right)\text{t}}{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}$ or $\text{t=}\frac{\text{n }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\left( \text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ -1} \right)}$

$\Rightarrow$Fringe shift is independent of the order of fringe (i.e shift of zero order maxima = shift of ${{\text{n}}^{\text{th}}}$ order maxima)

$\Rightarrow$Also, the shift is independent of wavelength.

### 6. Illustrations of Interference

Interference effects are commonly observed in thin films when their thickness is comparable to wavelength of incident light (If it is too thin as compared to wavelength of light it appears dark and if it’s too thick, this will return in uniform illumination of film). Thin layer of oil on water surface and soap bubbles shows various colours in white light due to interference of waves reflected from the two surfaces of the film.

6.1 Thin Films:

In case of thin films, interference occur between the waves reflected from its two surfaces and waves refracted through it.

 Interference in Reflected Light Interference in Refracted Light Condition for constructive interference (maximum intensity)$\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ tcosr=}\left( \text{2n }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 1} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$For normal incidence $\text{r=0}$So $\text{2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ t=}\left( \text{2n }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 1} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$ Condition for constructive interference (maximum intensity)$\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ tcosr=}\left( \text{2n} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$For normal incident$\text{2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ t=n }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }$ Condition for destructive interference (minimum intensity)$\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ tcosr=}\left( \text{2n} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$For normal incidence $\text{2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ t=n }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }$ Condition for destructive interference (minimum intensity)$\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ =2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ tcosr=}\left( \text{2n }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 1} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$For normal incidence $\text{2 }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ t=}\left( \text{2n }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 1} \right)\frac{\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }}{\text{2}}$

Note:

For interference in visible light, the thickness of the film must be in the order of $\text{10,000}{{\text{A}}^{\text{o}}}$

### 7. Doppler’s Effect in Light:

The phenomenon due to relative motion between the source of light and the observer which causes apparent change in frequency (or wavelength) of the light is called Doppler’s effect.

According to special theory of relativity,

$\frac{\text{v }\!\!'\!\!\text{ }}{\text{v}}\text{=}\frac{\text{1 }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ v/c}}{\sqrt{\text{1-}{{\text{v}}^{\text{2}}}\text{/}{{\text{c}}^{\text{2}}}}}$

If $v=$actual frequency, $v'=$ apparent frequency,$v=$ speed of source with respect to stationary observer, $c=$ speed of light.

## Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Notes: Laws to Support Wavelength Properties

These laws were formed to support wavelength properties, some of which are mentioned below.

• The original Huygen’s principle formulation and the laws of reflection and refraction.

• Polarisation phenomenon based transverse light and electromagnetic waves.

• The diffraction phenomenon supporting HuygensFresnel principle.

• The occurrence of interfering following the principle of superposition.

### Topics Related to Wave Optics

Apart from the laws in Class 12 Physics Wave Optics Revision Notes, students have to understand certain topics, the details of which are provided below.

What Does Wave Optics Mean in Revision Notes Class 12 Chapter 10?

Wave Optics in Class 12 Physics Notes explains the association between rays of light and waves. According to this theory, a transverse wave is actually a light that travels through a medium.

What is Wavefront?

Wavefront is the centre of all those particles that vibrate in the same phase at any instant. The Physics Class 12 Chapter 10 Revision Notes explain that a surface having the same phase of vibrating particles at any moment at every point on it is wavefront.

What is Hyun’s Principle?

Huygens’ principle is a geometrical structure which forms the shape of the wavefront. This takes place at the indefinite time, which helps in determining the wavefront’s figure at a later time. According to Huygens’ principle in NCERT Solutions Chapter 10 Class 12 Physics Revision Notes:

• Each point on a wavefront performs like a light source. It also emits secondary wavelets.

• The secondary wavelets stretch in multiple directions in a vacuum or space. It is related to the velocity of light.

• The cover of the wavefront which belongs to secondary wavelets gives a new position after a given time. It moves along forward direction of a wavefront.

Huygens’ wave theory can also work as a verification for the laws of reflection and refraction. This theory explains the diffraction, phenomenon of polarisation, and interference.

Here ‘V’ is a frequency which is the source in Class 12 Physics Wave Optics Revision Notes, gives v = 1/T. This shows that frequency remains identical as light moves from one medium to a new one. This gives the law that wavelength is inversely relative to the refractive index (μ) of the given medium.

What are Laws of Reflection Based On Huygens’ Wave Theory in Class 12 Notes Wave Optics?

In the above figure, wavefront AB is an incident on the plane that reflects surface XY. Here both the reflecting surface and wavefront are perpendicular to the plane. A wavefront passes from the reflecting body at B and then at towards C.

In Huygens’ principle, at point BC, secondary wavelets start increasing with the speed c. Disturbance from A reaches point C during the time at the secondary wavelets from B.

Here, we see B has spread over a radius hemisphere that gives BD = AC = ct. Here t is the time taken by the disturbance to travel from A to C. The digression plane CD drawn from point C over this radius hemisphere ct becomes new reflected wavefront. It is where the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This finally gives the first law of reflection.

Apart from these topics, NCERT Class 12 Revision Notes Physics Chapter 10 solution has a wide array of questions. A student desiring to gain quality answers for CBSE exams can check the official website of Vedantu. It is a trustworthy educational site offering Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Revision Notes And Solutions. Moreover, students can check their live classes and training sessions available for a budget-friendly price. Download the official app to study from Class 12 Physics Revision Notes Solution Chapter 10 today!

### Related Physics Class 12 Links

• Electricity and Magnetism

• Difference Between Alternator and Generator

• Biot Savart Law - Statement, Derivation and Applications

• Biconvex Lens

• Electric Circuit

• Electric Dipole

• Compound Lenses

• Aberration of Lens

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